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This paper investigates the current situation of fallout sample collection and preparation as well as radioactivity measurement methods in the Environmental Radiation Monitoring Network in China, analyzes the radioactivity levels of fallout nationwide in recent years, summarizes the problems in fallout measurement, and puts forward suggestions for improving fallout monitoring.
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Objective@#This study aims to explore the influence of birth order and age difference on the emotional and behavioral problems among children from two-child family, so as to provide advice on parenting.@*Methods@#A total of 482 students in grades 2 to 5 from the 5 primary schools in Guangzhou were selected, all of whom came from two-child families (excluding twin children). Emotional and behavioral problems were investigated by using the Conner’s Parental Symptom Questionnaire (PSQ).@*Results@#Among children from two-child families, higher prevalence of behavioral problems, learning problems, impulsive hyperactivity and hyperactivity index in older compared with younger children (β=-0.09，-0.16，-0.09，-0.10,P<0.05). The scores of behavioral problems and hyperactivity index were significantly higher among those of children who were 6-9 years older than young siblings, compared to those who were 0-3 years older than younger siblings(β=0.20,0.21,P<0.05). No similar pattern was found among the younger siblings(P>0.05).@*Conclusion@#Among school-age children from two-child families, emotional and behavioral problems of the elder ones were more serious than the younger ones’. Age difference between siblings shows impact on the emotional and behavioral development among elder children, however no significant impact is noticed among the younger ones.
ABSTRACT
Objective To assess the efficiency of central urban and rural hospitals in the 7 cities, counties and districts under the jurisdiction of Hangzhou City and the status of the medical markets so as to provide theoretical basis for the promotion of decentralized medical markets. Methods On the basis of defining the scope of a medical market, the HHI values of the medical markets in places where 37 hospitals in Hangzhou were located was calculated, the average efficiency of the various hospitals was measured by means of DEA, and an analysis was made on the correlation between the average efficiency and the HHI values. Results The central urban and rural medical markets in the various places surveyed, whose HHI values were all greater than 1 800, belonged to markets of monopolistic competition. Of the 37 hospitals, there were 11 whose relative efficiency reached 100% and another 11 whose relative efficiency was less than 60%. The greater the monopoly of a medical market, the lower the average efficiency of its hospitals. Conclusion Establishing competitive markets with low market concentration is an effective way of enhancing overall hospital efficiency.